MECHANISM OF ACTION
Glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is a tripeptide synthesised endogenously in virtually all mammalian cells and is the primary intracellular antioxidant. It neutralises reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly, serves as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (detoxification of H₂O₂), participates in Phase II hepatic detoxification (GST conjugation), and regenerates vitamins C and E. Injectable GSH bypasses the poor oral bioavailability of reduced glutathione (oral GSH is largely hydrolysed in the GI tract to amino acid components). IV/SC administration achieves direct plasma and intracellular repletion.
RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
- Systemic antioxidant repletion - oxidative stress research
- Hepatic detoxification and liver protection models
- Skin brightening via melanogenesis inhibition (tyrosinase inhibition)
- Heavy metal chelation and detoxification
- Immune function support - NK cell and T-cell activity
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
IV vs. Oral Bioavailability
1992Multiple studies confirm oral GSH is largely hydrolysed before absorption; IV administration produces measurable plasma GSH elevation while oral routes require N-acetylcysteine or liposomal formulations for efficacy.
Ref: Witschi et al., Eur J Clin Pharmacol
Skin Brightening via Tyrosinase Inhibition
2014IV GSH reduces melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme, with clinical evidence of skin lightening effects in Asian study cohorts.
Ref: Watanabe et al., Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol
RESEARCH PROTOCOL NOTES
Chemical Identity
Sequence
γ-Glu-Cys-Gly
Storage & Stability
Lyophilised: -20°C, 24 months. Reconstituted: use within 2 hours (no preservative) or 24 hours with bacteriostatic water. Highly susceptible to oxidation - reduced (GSH) form converts to GSSG rapidly in air.
Regulatory Status
IV glutathione used clinically in SA by some practitioners (anti-ageing, skin). Injectable pharmaceutical grade = research/compounded. Not WADA prohibited. Oral supplement = freely available.